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May 2009


Photon International

Giving modules a hard time
Market survey on climatic chambers

Highlights:
  • This survey includes two categories of climatic chambers: small reach-in systems and large walk-in rooms
  • It includes 14 devices from 10 manufacturers, though many suppliers offer almost any product size requested
  • Demand for climatic chambers has increased strongly from test labs and module manufacturers, while no extensive technical changes were reported

The PV module market has changed over the last few years: as more than enough modules are available in today’s market, usually only panels certified by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) – or those approved by Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL) in North America – are accepted by customers. Moreover, in times of economic crisis, modules require IEC and UL certification to get insurance policies, which are a requirement to secure financing for commercial or utility-scale installations.
It’s no wonder then that a quickly increasing number of test labs is following on the heels of market leader TÜV Rheinland to offer IEC certification services to solar companies (see article, p. 126). As module testing costs both time and money, more and more PV manufacturers are performing in-house pre-tests to make sure their products will pass the criteria needed for certification.
The real challenge for encapsulation, cell contacts and connector boxes is posed by the IEC stability and durability tests (see box, p. 168). These thermal cycling and humidity-freeze tests simulate module aging under harsh weather conditions. And both thermal cycling and humidity-freeze tests take place in a climatic chamber, which is – put simply – a combination of a sauna and a refrigerator. Demand for such climatic chambers is quickly increasing from test labs and module manufacturers.
For our second annual market survey, 10 manufacturers have sent us technical specs for 14 climatic chambers (see table, p. 170), which usually represent their most requested models – many suppliers offer any product size requested. A dozen of these 14 chambers listed can be used to perform damp-heat and humidity-freeze tests, while the remaining two devices are only designed for damp-heat testing. This year’s survey only includes systems suitable for the thermal testing of commercial modules with output powers between 40 and 320 W according to international standards. Models including ultraviolet (UV) light or flatbed weathering chambers are not included. In principle, there are two categories of climatic chambers: small reach-in systems and large walk-in rooms.

CTS has sold over 40 climatic chambers in the PV sector in the last 2 years. Spanish module manufacturer Siliken SA was one of their customers.
 Many clients: CTS has sold over 40 climatic chambers in the PV sector in the last 2 years. Spanish module manufacturer Siliken SA was one of their customers.

 

Walk-in climate rooms

Germany-based CTS Clima Temperatur Systeme GmbH is one of many companies that offer custom-designed climatic chambers and racks, enabling a maximum number of modules to be tested at once. »In the last two years we have sold over 40 systems to the PV industry,« says CTS’ sales manager Nathalie Maute. Solon AG in Germany uses CTS’ chambers, as does Siliken SA in Spain. Other solar clients include the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE), the University of Cottbus and Cetecom SA.
The southern German company has provided data for two of its models. Its CW -60/3 offers around 3.3 m3 of testing space for all thermal tests according to the IEC 61215 and 61646, and can bear PV modules that weigh up to 350 kg. The total system measures 4,050 × 1,550 × 2,400 mm and weighs 4,000 kg. With average cooling-down and heating-up rates both at 2 °C/min, the CW -60/3 is priced between €80,000 and €140,000 ($106,200 and $185,900). Its other model, the CW +10/8, is a pared-down version offering a testing space of 8 m3, more than double that of the CW -60/3. The low cooling-down and heating-up rates of 0.3 °C/min are still suitable for the damp-heat test of 200 kg modules according to international standards for PV modules. The CW +10/8 is offered at a lower price between €60,000 and €95,000 ($79,700 and $126,100). Both systems come with a warranty time of 2 years and a relatively lengthy delivery time of up to 24 weeks.

 

Module aging – corrosion and weak points

For PV modules, not only is the initial output power important, long life stability and durability are also essential. According to the international IEC 61215 standard for crystalline silicon cell-based modules and the IEC 61646 for all thin-film module types, as well as the American UL1703 standard, a series of aging tests have to be passed. A module passes if it doesn’t display major visual alterations and its performance doesn’t decrease more than 5 percent after each of these tests.
The three tests use extreme climate conditions to provide accelerated aging – damp heat,
thermal cycling and humidity freeze – and take place in a climatic chamber. During the damp-heat test, a module is stored for at least 1,000 hours at 85 °C and 85-percent humidity. In the thermal cycling test, the module temperature changes between -40 °C and 85 °C for 50 or 200 cycles, while modules have to withstand cycles of -40 °C and 85 °C and a humidity of 85 percent in the humidity-freeze test. Some module manufacturers try even longer times and more cycles to make sure that their product will withstand 20 to 25 years of operation. Delamination of the PV module and the contact strips, as well as corrosion of junction boxes and cables, are common failures during the tests. All these failures will finally lead to a total malfunction of the module. Also, corrosion of the PV active layers, such as absorbers or transparent conductive oxide layers (TCO) negatively impact module power.
While these IEC/UL tests are criticized for their inability to simulate real-world conditions (see interview, p. 148), most in the industry agree that they provide both module manufacturers and customers with basic quality information on the products.

Text Olga Papathanasiou

 

Climatic Chambers

Company CTS CTS
model CW -60/3 *1, *2 CW +10/8 *1, *2
year of market introduction 2003 2003

Process chamber
test space
(length × width × height)
~ 1,290 ×
   1,200 ×
   2,100 mm
2,000 ×
2,000 ×
2,000 mm
max. loading (floor / shelf) 2,000 kg / – 1,500 kg / –
module holder included opt. opt.

Thermal test
temperature range -60...100 °C 10...90 °C
max. cooling-down rate
average cooling-down rate ~ 2 °C/min ~ 0.3 °C/min
max. heating-up rate
average heating-up rate ~ 2 °C/min ~ 0.3 °C/min
temperature constancy in time ± 0.5 - 1
°C/min
± 0.1 - 0.5
°C/min
temperature constancy in space ± 2 °C/min
max. heat compensation*1
refrigerant used yes yes

Climate test
temperature range 10...90 °C 10...90 °C
temperature constancy in time ± 0.5 °C ± 0.5 °C
temperature constancy in space
dew point range 5...89 °C 5...89 °C
humidity range 10 - 95% RH 10 - 95% RH
humidity constancy in time ± 1 - 3% RH ± 1 - 3% RH
humidity constancy in space
max. heat compensation *1
automatic defrosting device opt. opt.
refrigerant used yes yes

Control tools
temperature control yes yes
humidity control yes yes
di-water conductivity control opt. opt.
Utilities & power supply
utilities (phase / voltage / frequency) 3 Ph, 400 V, 50 Hz 3 Ph, 400 V, 50 Hz
max. power ~ 40 kW ~ 30 kW
average power consumption
di-water needed (min. conductivity) yes, 1 μS/mm yes, 1 μS/mm
di-water facility (min. conductivity)
max. water consumption 4,300 l/h 1,200 l/h
average water consumption
max. noise level ~ 68 dB ~ 68 dB
average noise level

System dimensions
total system size
(length × width × height)
4,050 ×
1,550 ×
2,400 mm
2,850 ×
2,950 ×
2,260 mm
total system weight ~ 4,000 kg ~ 2,500 kg

System control & software
computer hardware opt. opt.
software incl. data control system opt. opt.
Microsoft windows compatible yes yes
acquired data compatible with Access, Excel yes yes

Warranty, delivery, distribution, price
warranty 24 months 24 months
time of delivery 20 - 24 weeks 20 - 24 weeks
distribution area worldwide worldwide
price €80,000 - €140,000
($106,200 - $185,900)
€60,000 - €95,000
($79,700 - $126,100)
 

 

Notes

*1 data refers to 25 °C and 400 V, without specimen, with add. equip. and heat com-pensation, H2O cooling 28 °C flow temp.
*1
reg. IEC loaded with 350 kg

*2
diff. sizes, temp./RH on req.

*1
reg. IEC (85 °C / 85%) with 200 kg

*2
diff. sizes, temp./RH on req.

 

 

 

December 2008



Die Wunschliste ist lang
Regierungspräsident Strampfer kann aber nicht alle Wünsche erfüllen

Südwest aktiv

Bürgermeister Jürgen Weber (rechts) und Regierungspräsident Hermann Strampfer (Mitte) beim Blick in eine der großen Sonderanfertigungen von CTS, mit der allerlei Umwelteinflüsse und dergleichen simuliert werden können.
Foto: E. Wais

In den Familien dürften die Wunschlisten längst geschrieben sein. Die Stadt Hechingen konnte gestern ihre Förderwunschliste an Regierungspräsident Hermann Strampfer selbst überreichen.


EBERHARD WAIS


Hechingen
Hermann Strampfer, Regierungspräsident in Tübingen, mag sich mitunter vorkommen wie der Weihnachtsmann, wenn ihm bei seinen mittlerweile über 100 Vor-Ort-Besuchen in den Städten und Gemeinden des Regierungsbezirks lange Wunschlisten für Fördermittel und Bauvorhaben überreicht werden.

Aber so direkt wollte Hechingens Bürgermeister Jürgen Weber beim Besuch des beamteten staatlichen "Weihnachtsmannes" nicht vorgehen. Also präsentierte er zunächst anhand der Leitlinien zur Stadtentwicklung bis ins Jahr 2015 Ziele und Konzepte der Stadt. Zwölf Entwicklungslinien der wichtigsten kommunalen und gesellschaftlichen Bereiche sind da zusammengefasst und sie charakterisieren die Stadt unterm Zoller recht treffend, auch wenn manche Ziele heuer etwas entfernter scheinen als bei ihrer Formulierung - etwa die Erhebung zur Großen Kreisstadt.

Aber andere, für die Tagesarbeit wichtigere Aufgaben bleiben: die wirtschaftliche Bestandspflege und die Gewerbeflächen (Nasswasen), das touristische Umfeld (Campingplatz) und der Verkehr in Richtung Stuttgart (B 27), die unbestrittene hohe Lebens- und Wohnqualität, der Ausbau der Kinder- und Jugendangebote (und deren Finanzierung) und der schulischen Einrichtungen (Hechingen als starker Schulstandort mit Hallendefizit). Auch der Bereich Soziales und medizinische Versorgung in einer Stadt, die sich gerade das Thema "Gesundheit" auf die Fahnen geschrieben hat, brennt auf den Nägeln (Notfallversorgung), "im Zweifel werden wir uns dafür verkämpfen".

Natürlich ist im Jahr 2008 das Unwetterthema zentral. Die Stadt hatte hierzu eine ganze Reihe von Maßnahmen und Förderanträgen vorbereitet, für die Bürgermeister Weber einen positiven Entscheid erhofft: "Die Menschen brauchen ein Signal, dass es weitergeht". Als da sind die Wuhrbrücke in Schlatt, für die man bei Kosten von einer Millionen Euro 70 Prozent Zuschüsse erhofft. Oder die allgemeinen Hochwasserschutzmaßnahmen, die man gerne zu 50 Prozent gefördert sähe. Auch im Weiherstadion ist der Schaden groß, der Hartplatz muss beispielsweise ersetzt werden und das kostet 250 000 Euro. Oder in der Kläranlage, wo man sich für die nach Abzug der Versicherungsleistungen verbleibenden 250 000 Euro Schaden 60 000 bis 80 000 Euro Zuschuss erhofft. Für die Dreifeldhalle am Gymnasium hat die Stadt einen Zuschussantrag von 730 000 Euro gestellt und hofft auf Gelder aus der Sportförderung. Nicht zuletzt sind zwei Mensen, eine am Schlossberg, die andere am Gymnasium zu bauen, was mit einer ordentlichen Förderung natürlich leichter geht.

Aber wie das so ist mit dem vorweihnachtlichen Wunschzettel, man schreibt immer mehr drauf, als es dann wirklich gibt. So wird auch die Stadt Hechingen wohl mit dem einen oder anderen "Ausfall" ihrer Wunschförderliste rechnen müssen. Das machte Regierungspräsident Strampfer gleich gegenüber der Stadtverwaltung und den Hechinger Gemeinderäten, die sich an diesem Vormittag Zeit für den Besuch genommen hatten, deutlich: Natürlich werde die Region um Hechingen nach dem Unwetter vorrangig behandelt, aber die Fördertöpfe seien deshalb trotzdem begrenzt, zusätzliches Geld müsse woanders eingespart werden. Immerhin habe das Weiherstadion Aussichten auf eine Förderung aus dem Ausgleichsstock. Bei der Dreifeldhalle seien die Chancen ebenfalls da, aber die Sportfördermittel seien mit zwei Millionen Euro bei 90 Anträgen doch sehr gering. Während die Ortskernsanierung in Schlatt mit erhöhter Förderung rechnen könne und die Wuhrbrücke sogar Priorität habe, sähen die Fördermöglichkeiten bei der Kläranlage eher mau aus. Hier gilt die so genannte Schwellenwertberechnung. Solange beispielsweise die Abwassergebühr unter 5,90 Euro liegt, gibt es keine Förderung. Immerhin sei der Schutzdamm wohl förderfähig. Letztlich setzt Regierungspräsident Hermann Strampfer auch noch auf das Milliarden-Konjunktur-Programm des Landes, um das sich das Regierungspräsidium besonders bemühen möchte. Was davon freilich bis nach Hechingen kommt....

...Selbsthilfe könnte da noch der erfolgversprechendere Weg sein. Beispielsweise bei der Schaffung und Sicherung von Arbeitsplätzen. Ein gutes Beispiel hierfür besichtigten Hermann Strampfer, Bürgermeister Weber und die Gemeinderäte anschließend, als sie die Firma CTS - Clima, Temperatur, Systeme, besuchten. Die Firmenchefs Peter Jehs und Helmut Maute stellten ihr Unternehmen vor, das in rund zwölf Jahren von null auf über 100 (Mitarbeiter) emporschnellte und heute 20 Millionen Euro Umsatz macht. Erst jüngst wurde wieder eine neue Produktionshalle in Betrieb genommen. Sicherlich beeinflusse die gegenwärtige Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise auch ihr Unternehmen, aber man habe sich auf hoch technische Sonderanfertigungen spezialisiert und komme in dieser "Nische" sehr gut zurecht. Vor allem die Sparte der Umweltsimulationen prosperiert (wobei man etwa die Umwelteinflüsse Grönlands oder des Death Valley in einer Klimaanlage simuliert und dadurch große Kosten spart). Produziert wird, nicht zuletzt wegen der hohen Qualitätsanforderungen, ausschließlich in Deutschland, vertrieben werden die Anlagen und Sonderanfertigungen aber über ein weltweites Netzwerk. Gerade in der breiten Kundenstruktur sieht das Unternehmen auch eine stabile Existenzgarantie.

Aber nicht nur derart innovative "Lichtblicke" im derzeit eher düsteren wirtschaftlichen Umfeld interessierten den Regierungspräsidenten, sondern auch die reale Situation vor Ort. So besichtigte er beispielsweise den Schlatter Ortskern und die Wuhrbrücke.

Erscheinungsdatum: Samstag 13.12.2008
Quelle: http://www.suedwest-aktiv.de/

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March 2006



Measuring, controlling, regulating and automating

Grupp, Siegfried;
Meier-Rampf, Markus

Hikers amongst the worlds
Semiconductor contactors make possible the exact regulation of temperatures in climate chambers


Siegfried Grupp, Markus Meier-Rampf

Climate conditions under which any normal person would experience shock: this is how daily routine begins for environmental simulation specialists. They create situations and influences in their test chambers which could hardly be more different from one another. This allows the most diverse building components to be tested for quality in the shortest of times. Semiconductor contactors, which also allow short operation cycles, ensure precisely reproducible temperature conditions.



"Physics is our limit" emphasizes graduate engineer Helmut Maute, Business Manager of CTS Environmental Simulation GmbH in Swabian Hechingen. And truly, most jobs mean a tightrope walk between the technically feasible and the sheer impossible for him and his team. They are the experts in environmental simulation. That means that they simulate the most adverse environmental conditions such as heat, cold, climate, vibration, light, pollution gases or saline fog in appropriately built chambers. "The decisive factor is that we have a great deal of know-how in machine construction, process engineering and electronics" explains Maute. This signifies the consistent application of modern technology to further expand the boundaries of the possible. Take the Siemens semiconductor contactors, Sirius SC, for example. "Here we have had the best success; furnace outages are virtually reduced to nil as a result", confirms graduate engineer Udo Meerbott, Director of Order and Material Logistics.

The special thing about these low voltage semiconductors is that they work soundlessly and practically wear-free. They are especially suitable for switching tasks in furnace elements – precisely there, where the exact regulation of temperatures is so critical. "Our approach in the planning of our machines is the philosophy of the carry-over element", emphasizes Meerbott. This is why the company installs the Sirius SC type 3RF23 with a 20 A rated current into all of its chambers and doesn’t entirely exploit the graded range of products with a switching capacity of up to 90 A. "Normally we apply a 9 or 13 A load", adds Meerbott.

Shock tests with up to 300° C temperature difference<

Approximately 400 such climate chambers leave the plant in Hechingen every year. The requirement situation often demands that a test chamber be built for especially extreme temperature differences. That means, for example, that a temperature of +200° C is prevalent in the upper half and in the lower perhaps -80° C. The shock test for affected building components comprises the cycled alternation of these components between the two extremes.

The process engineering as well as the machine construction must meet the highest standards for this. The temperature accuracy in the temperature-regulated area lies, depending on requirements, in the range of 0.1 to 1° K. Maute knows: "We can only achieve this with semiconductor contactors". With resistive loads, such as those which are experienced in this kind of application, the Sirius SC can be easily operated through the zero point switch. This has the advantage that the contactors are under minimal stress in this point, which automatically has a positive effect on their life expectancy.

The required amount of electricity is finely dosed through the length and frequency of operation depending on need. The impulse-pause ratio is in the range of 0.5 at CTS. More precisely, this means that the semiconductor relays are switched on and off once per second. This immediately highlights another advantage: namely the soundless and wear-free switching of these semiconductors.

The company in Hechingen has been using these semiconductor contactors for three years now. In their experience, it is a great advantage that these and the compatible heat sinks are exactly matched to one another. "The correspondingly constructed semiconductor contactors only need to be snapped onto the top hat rail and wired", reports Manfred Schuler, responsible for development and construction. This works without a problem because of the insulated mounting foot; the contactors can even be mounted on mounting plates with the help of fastening screws.

The important thing in temperature regulation is naturally the processing of the sensor response. That is why Siemens offers the appropriate function module. Thereby, a converter transforms an analogue signal into a pulse-width modulated digital signal. With that, the affected semiconductor contactors and relays can be easily integrated into a performance regulator. As Schuler confirms, a different approach is taken at CTS "We transmit the signals of our PT100 temperature sensors directly to our control and close the control circuit with the Sirius SC."

Function modules for the most diverse applications

Should a heating element cease to operate, the set temperature profile may become impossible to maintain and the user must react. Climate chamber operators usually take a pragmatic approach to this. "An outage sensor" says Maute, "is not necessary for our needs." Should it happen that one or several heating elements cease to operate, the operator will quickly notice a drop in temperature in the chamber. Then he can decide whether to terminate the tests or to continue them. On the other hand, in a production situation, the reaction time in the case of a temperature change can often have a significant influence on the process; for example in the gluing of multiple components. For such use cases, Siemens offers the ‘Load monitor’ module in the Sirius series that recognizes and signals – lightning fast – a heating circuit outage in the connected load circuit. The standard version of this module can monitor up to six elements – in the expanded version, twelve.

A typical assignment for CTS for example, is a shock test chamber with a capacity of 130 l, divided into an upper hot and a lower cold zone. An elevator system, driven by a ball screw, moves the test object up and down. Three Sirius SC semiconductor contactors with each 25 A rated current take care of the heating to over 200° C. The power connection comes from above, downwards to the load. With semiconductor relays on their own, there is also the possibility of running the entire cabling from above. This applies for the 45 mm wide construction model 3RF20.

The right 'pair of shoes' is decisive

The development and construction of environmental simulation chambers is enjoying growing popularity. Product liability laws and rising quality expectations of consumers are causing much worldwide movement in this niche market. This provides companies that possess the appropriate knowledge the chance to prove their performance and thereby to successively make the boundaries of the possible more favourable. "The prerequisite is", emphasizes Maute in conclusion, "to use the most modern of technology in all areas and to be able to construct using the most reliable of components". Ultimately, the right ‘pair of shoes’ is decisive for the success of the hiker amongst the worlds.


Detailed information is available under the code:

SIEMENS A&D 901
Authors: Siegfried Grupp is marketing officer and Markus Meier-Rampf is marketing promoter at Siemens AG Automation and Drives in Stuttgart

MSR-Magazin, edition 03/2006, p. 38
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